Human antibodies against Anopheles salivary proteins: emerging biomarkers of mosquito and malaria exposure

Abstract

Antibodies developed against Anopheles mosquito salivary proteins injected during biting may serve as proxy biomarkers of Anopheles biting exposure. Anti-salivary biomarkers are being increasingly investigated, with ~60 studies published to date, mostly identifying positive associations with Anopheles human biting rates (HBRs). However, several literature gaps must be addressed to inform the application of anti-salivary biomarkers for serosurveillance of vector exposure and malaria transmission and in vector-control trials. We highlight the need for more studies that collect HBRs and antibody data contemporaneously, investigate novel antigens for non-African Anopheles species, and characteri..